While the Latin American Catholic bishops proposed a New Evangelization for the region at the end of the 20th century, in Cuba the bases were laid for a Marxist-Leninist and atheist Revolution, apparently irreconcilable with the religious phenomenon. At the same time, the rise of Liberation Theology contemplated a rapprochement between Christians and Marxists. However, a different proposal arose in Cuba: The Theology of Reconciliation. This text aims to analyze the events that contributed to open the doors to dialogue and the reconciliation of interests between the Catholic Church and the socialist Cuban State, as an initial path for the New Evangelization. The research method that was privileged was document analysis from the review of historical archives and bibliography of the time and interview experts. The conclusions contemplate that the measures taken by the revolutionary government and the responses of the Catholic Church had an unfavorable impact on Church and State relations, limiting their participation in the public sphere. The Theology of Reconciliation was presented as an "escape valve" in the face of confrontations, and as a concrete way of paving the way for dialogue and understanding between Catholics and Marxists.